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PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND SOMATOFORM DISORDERS: COPING WITH STRESS
Lazarus (1976) suggests there are two ways of coping with stress; direct action and palliation. Continuing with the example of the student, he may protect himself from harm by studying harder, trying to predict the' examination questions or opting out of the course. Another way of relieving stress by direct action is to attack what is perceived to be the cause of the stress, either the organization or individual people within it. Palliation, on the other hand, involves reducing stress by attempting to remove the symptoms. Methods used are consuming alcohol, taking tranquillizers, smoking cigarettes and learning to relax. Feelings of stress may also be reduced by cognitive defence mechanisms such as denial, and projection where the individual's problems are attributed to other people ('None of the other students are going to pass anyway'). There are also many therapeutic interventions designed to relieve stress including relaxation, counselling, biofeedback, behavioural skills training and peer group support. (For further details of these interventions the reader is referred to Chapters 11, 26 and 27.)
Social support also appears to protect people from stress and stress related illness and disease. Cohen and Willis (1985) believe that the person's social network is important in terms of its structure, that is whether or not he is married, how many friends he has, etc., and the quality of the relationships. These social networks may have an effect on the individual's physiological functioning or they may influence his habits.
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