Generic Didronel (Etidronate)

GROWING OLDER: DO WE LEARN LESS EFFICIENTLY AS WE AGE? THE STAGES OF LEARNING AND REMEMBERING - FOR LONG-TERM STORAGE
The perceived material is encoded into a memory trace for long-term storage. To encode the material it must be stored briefly while it is manipulated simultaneously in some way such as rehearsing it, reorganizing or regrouping it.
The more elaborately items are encoded, i.e. the more information about them that is processed, and the more effective the strategies developed for organizing the material, then the more efficiently it will be retrieved at the fifth stage (Arenberg and Robertson-Tchabo, 1977; Poon, 1985). For example encoding verbal material in terms of its meaning leads to it being retrieved more easily than if it were processed in terms of its sound. For this reason rote learning is an inefficient learning strategy. Old people do not seem to engage spontaneously in the most effective encoding strategies and when they are instructed how to do so the outcome is still not as good as that of younger people (Hulicka and Grossman, 1967).
Also, compared to younger people, it appears that old people are more easily distracted. Kay (1951) showed that if an old person makes an error in a learning task, he may persist in making the same mistake over and over again. Old people seem to have difficulty in eliminating previous errors.
Encoding operations require additional mental space. From one perspective it appears that the available space in terms of working memory capacity may decrease in old age (Baddeley, 1986). Looking at it another way, Welford (1985) argues that old people's slower encoding is due to decreased signal to noise ratio in the CNS. Older subjects, he suggests, have to accumulate more information to achieve an effective signal which they can then process. Salthouse (1985) accommodates both perspectives when he claims that loss in working memory capacity and other learning and remembering losses with age can all be accounted for by a slower information processing rate.
The long-term store probably has a huge, even unlimited, capacity. The memory traces maintained there are not in awareness. Old people probably have few problems at this stage as they do not appear to forget more readily than younger people (Welford, 1985).
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