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LAY BELIEFS ABOUT HEALTH AND ILLNESS: ILLNESS AND ITS MANAGEMENT
The public's conceptions of health and its maintenance also provide a general framework for making sense of signs and symptoms of illness. Studies have shown that sufferers and their families, when faced with a disturbance in body functioning, ask a series of questions which include, 'What is happening?', 'Why is it happening to me?' and 'Why is it happening now?'. Sufferers turn to their own theories of causality of disease in an attempt to answer some of these questions. These theories will be considered later but before this the focus will be on the meaning of illness.
What is illness
'Disease is something an organ has: illness is something a man has' (Helman 1981).
Disease and illness are distinct and the relationship between the two is not simple. Diseases may be discovered, for example through screening, but the person concerned may not be experiencing any change in bodily functioning. Conversely, a person may have signs and symptoms in the absence of a disease process.
How do lay people perceive illness? Not all problematic signs and symptoms lead the sufferer to define herself as ill and in many cases 'health' problems are normalized and accommodated and people continue with their everyday routine tasks. Locker (1979) has argued that actions such as staying in bed, not going to work and going to see the doctor characterize people who are ill. He believes that illness is essentially a moral category where those labelled as ill are usually absolved of responsibility for action because the major causes of illness are believed to be outside their control, i.e. illness is viewed in terms of biological disorder.
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