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LAY BELIEFS ABOUT HEALTH AND ILLNESS: THE TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVE – EACHUS ‘S MEASURING THE HEALTH LOCUS OF CONTROL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
Eachus (1990) measured the health locus of control of physiotherapy students and compared it with that of the general public. He found that the students' beliefs were basically very similar to those of the general public, with very little change occurring over the course of their professional education. The physiotherapy students were slightly less inclined to believe that illness was the result of chance factors or that they could influence its course. A rather larger difference was seen with regard to powerful others, with the physiotherapy students having less belief in their power to control illness. Eachus states:'... it might be expected that the public attribute greater power to physiotherapists than student physiotherapists do themselves'.
In addition to the weaknesses at the empirical level there are also problems at the conceptual level. Some of the conceptual weaknesses of the health belief model have been discussed elsewhere (Calnan, 1987). The concept of perceived vulnerability to illness in general or to a particular disease, is central to the health belief model (Janz and Becker, 1984). The concept appears to be derived from epidemiological models which, using probability theory as their basis, identify the range of factors that might influence a population's or an individual's vulnerability to disease in general or to a specific disease. The concept has been shifted to the area of health behaviour where it is argued that certain levels of vulnerability are associated with a greater likelihood of compliance with officially recommended health actions. This approach has been accepted and adopted by those who are involved in designing health education campaigns where one of the major objectives is to educate the individual into an awareness of how 'at risk' she is to certain diseases.
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